Concepts: Hybridisation of carbon; [1] and -bonds; Shapes of simple organic molecules; Structural and geometrical isomerism; IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds (only hydrocarbons, mono-functional and bi-functional compounds); Optical isomerism of compounds containing up to two asymmetric centres, (R,S and E,Z nomenclature excluded); Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections); Resonance and hyperconjugation; Keto-enoltautomerism; Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds (only combustion method); Inductive and resonance effects on acidity and basicity of organic acids and bases; Hydrogen bonds: definition and their effects on physical properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids; Polarity and inductive effects in alkyl halides; Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage; Formation, structure and stability of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.
Preparation, properties and reactions of alkanes: Homologous series, Combustion and halogenation of alkanes; physical properties of alkanes (melting points, boiling points and density); Preparation of alkanes by Wurtz reaction and decarboxylation reactions.
Preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes and alkynes: Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes (boiling points, density and dipole moments); Acid catalysed hydration of alkenes and alkynes (excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination); Acidity of alkynes; Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4 and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with X2, HX, HOX and H2O (X=halogen); Preparation of alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions; Addition reactions of alkynes; Metal acetylides.
Reactions of benzene: Structure and aromaticity; nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, Effect of o-, m- and p-directing groups in monosubstituted benzenes.
Phenols: Acidity, electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration and sulphonation); Reimer-Tieman reaction, Kolbe reaction.
Characteristic reactions of the following (including those mentioned above): Alkyl halides: rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation, nucleophilic substitution reactions; Alcohols: esterification, dehydration and oxidation, Grignard reactions, reaction with sodium, ZnCl2/concentrated HCl, conversion of alcohols into aldehydes and ketones; phosphorus halides, Ethers: Preparation by Williamson’s Synthesis; Aldehydes and Ketones: oxidation, aldol condensation, Perkin reaction; Cannizzaro reaction; haloform reaction and nucleophilic addition reactions (Grignard addition); Carboxylic acids: formation of esters, acid chlorides and amides, reduction, oxime and hydrazone formation; ester hydrolysis; Amines: basicity of substituted anilines and aliphatic amines, preparation from nitro compounds, reaction with nitrous acid, Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium salts; azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts of aromatic amines, carbylamine reaction; Haloarenes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and substituted haloarenes (excluding Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution).
Carbohydrates: Classification; mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose); reduction, Oxidation, glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose.
Amino acids and peptides: General structure (only primary structure for peptides) and physical properties.
Properties and uses of some important polymers: Natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, teflon and PVC.
Practical organic chemistry: Detection of elements (N, S, halogens); Detection and identification of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carboxyl, amino and nitro; carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), Chemical methods of separation of mono-functional organic compounds from binary mixtures.
